Birth Control

Introduction Birth control or control of population growth has been a raging debate for centuries because it is a sexual issue that religion, traditions, politics, and the entire society has silenced and laden it with lots of taboos.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Birth Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the ancient times, sex and sexuality had been under immense silence as no one was supposed to talk about it in public places. According to Foucault, sex has been a secret affair because there has been so many forces that reduced it to silence, but has recently loosened up and allowed people to question the intricacies of sex (78). Realizing that sex has been secret and silenced for centuries, modern society is struggling to unravel the mystery behind sex through various discourses. In the late 18th century and early 19th century, population growth rate of the world was growing exponentially. For in stance, in the United States, women had an average of seven children, and thus, necessitated control of population. Although governments saw the need to control population growth, various religions and cultures were against it, for they perceived reproduction as a natural process that needs no interference. Religions, cultures, and politics have been grappling with the issue of population growth because while some perceive it a societal issue, others perceive it as a reproductive issue of women. Discourses in culture, religion, politics, education, health, feminism, sexuality, gender, race, and class show that birth control is an issue that touches on women’s health, and therefore, women have the right to control population growth. Culture and Traditions During ancient times, culture and traditions imposed many taboos on sex and sexuality in that societal values determined matters related to reproduction. Since men dominated society, they had powers to determine the number of children that their wives should have in marriage. Men had powers to decided ethics regarding sex as they imposed taboos to restrict how women perceive their sexuality and reproduction. Foucault asserts that sex exists in a binary system of right and wrong, legal and illegal, permitted and forbidden, which shows that it is subject to law and power (83). The law and power associated with sex gave men powers to have control over women and decide their sexuality, gender and reproduction.Advertising Looking for thesis on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cultures and traditions suppressed women, for they did not give them freedom to champion for their rights as members of the society with reproduction capacity (Berreman 400). Due to male chauvinism that dominated the society, issues involving sex and women were in deep silence and under the domain of men because taboos imposed many restrictions. Evolution of cultur es and traditions from ancient times to modern society has led to empowerment of women and diminishing of taboos, which restricted women from advocating for their rights. The adoption of various cultural and traditional practices, from various parts of the world, led to development of civilized culture and traditions that recognize exceptional needs of women and empower them. Sex and sexuality transformed from silence state into public debates due to the emergence of many discourses. Discourses have significantly enhanced perception of gender, sexuality and humanity, which subsequently led to the emergence of the need to control population. Luker argues that, counter normative approach to sexuality is an effective discourse that has empowered women by restructuring and configuring societal power (29). In spite of cultural taboos that restrict women from having power to control their sexuality and reproduction, modern society has made significant strides towards empowering women in m atters of birth control. Society has different members with different attributes that classify them into races and classes. Race and class influence how people perceive the essence of population control. In the society, race and class determine social status and power of an individual. Ability of women to control their sexuality and reproduction in spite of societal pressure depends on racial and class prejudices of the society. Conventionally, whites are privileged race relative to blacks, hence making them to have a higher social class than blacks. Luker debates that, due to diversity of race and classes, people have used different contraception methods because of their unique beliefs, traditions, and cultures (54). Since whites have a high social classes and race, their family lifestyles of having few children has formed the basis of civilization. Blacks are aping whites’ culture because they have empowered their women to have control over their reproduction and sexuality. Trends of population growth show that, blacks have high growth rate, yet they have lower social class because most are living below the poverty level.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Birth Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Critical analysis of race and class shows that, white women have control over their sexuality and reproduction; thus, they have low reproductive rate. On the other hand, black women have limited control over their sexuality and reproduction, which explains why they have high reproductive rate. Therefore, it means that privileged race and high social class are factors that empower women to regulate the sexuality and reproduction. Religion Regions have played a critical role in restricting control of population through their teachings on morality and spiritual matters. Dominant religions of the world like Christianity, Islam and Hindu have been against control of population using contra ceptives and abortion. Religious leaders assert that, the use of contraceptives and abortions as means of controlling population is contrary to divine teachings, and thus an abomination to God. Nevertheless, diverse religions perceive control of population as a moral, as well as, a spiritual issue that an individual or political entity has no power to dictate. Therefore, religions perceive that women have no right over their sexuality and reproduction because they fall under family, which is an integral unit of society. A moral society has responsibility of ensuring that every family adheres to religious principles that reflect divine values and virtues. According to Teltsch, Pope Paul IV issued encyclical banning artificial birth control methods because there are against Christian teachings (17). The encyclical triggered mixed reactions not only among Catholics but also in healthcare systems across the world. Many Catholics perceived banning of artificial methods of family planning as a bold move that deserves praise, while others perceived it as retrogressive move that would deprive women of their sexual rights. Mixed reactions among population showed that, birth control would continue to be a raging debate until women attain right to their sexuality. Religions perceive procreation as a divine gift that God gave to humanity; thus, they have a responsibility of ensuring that families should comply with divine principles to respect marriage as a divine institution. According to Islam, use of contraceptives and legalization of abortion is an abomination and sin that God does not support.Advertising Looking for thesis on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Muslims believe that control of population using contraceptives is unspiritual because it promotes prostitution and promiscuous behavior in the society. Moreover, abortion is not only an immoral act but also a crime because it involves murdering of innocent fetus, which has no power to protect itself unless religion and society protect it. Srikanthan and Reid explain that, Muslims believe that a family is a basic unit of society, which depends on sex for procreation purposes according to the will of God (132). They believe that use of artificial methods in control of the population is contrary to the will of God and detrimental to humanity due to loss of morals. With time, religions have come to realize that population control is a critical issue in the society that is subject to many factors apart from religious teachings. Ancient religions depicted sexuality from divine perspective, but current religions have reduced it to moral levels where people can have their own opinions. Thu s, in modern society, there are no explicit religious principles that outline recommended contraceptive methods except abortion. Various religions agree that abortion is a crime unless done under a medical condition that threatens life of mother and baby. In response to economic, legal and social pressures, diverse religions have recommended different methods of population control. According to Srikanthan and Reid, catholic recommends abstinence and rhythmic method, while Islam supports coitus interruptus and some contraception methods that are safe, legal and temporary (132). Hence, disparity in religious beliefs has led to diversification in contraceptive methods. Trends of contraception methods among religions show that women have ultimate decision on the nature of contraceptives that they use in controlling population. Although religions can recommend kinds of contraceptives that women should take, they cannot force anyone, hence women have the power to decide their reproductive health. Political Economy Population control is a political issue since it relates to economic growth and welfare of population of a country. Demographic experts are warning that exponential growth of population signal impending disaster since economic resources are diminishing gradually. Since population growth is going to strain diminishing resources, many countries are trying to use various means of contraception to slow down population growth and stabilize economic growth sustainably. Increase of population in one country threatens the sustainability of resources in other countries since resources flow according to factors of demands and supplies. To achieve a stable political economy, politicians are formulating policies and regulations, which are essential in regulating population growth. A country with the capacity to regulate its population has assurance of better economic growth and improved welfare of the people because there is sustainable utilization of resources. A cou ntry with uncontrolled population growth has no future prospects because it cannot sustain its own people with time. Michelle asserts that, empowering women to advocate for their rights, and have access to family planning methods are ethical and most effective means of controlling population growth (34). Stable economy requires that every woman should have an average of two to three children to guarantee both sustainability of resources and maintain stable growth rate of population. From a perspective of political economy, control of the population is a matter that is in the sphere of women, and thus they deserve to have right to their sexuality and reproduction. Countries with exponential growth of the population are now advocating for birth control by use of contraceptives and abortion to eliminate unwanted or unplanned pregnancies. Unplanned pregnancies are a serious burden to women because it affects their welfare state by restricting them to childbearing lives. Siow argues that , availability of birth control pills and legalization of abortion has significantly improved welfare of women because they can postpone marriage, pursue their careers and accumulate wealth while indulging themselves in sexual activities (3). The importance of the contraceptive pill became evident in 1970s when number of women who join universities and colleges increased markedly. Hence, use of contraception and legalization abortion is an effective way of not only regulating population growth but also empowering women to focus on their careers as their male counterparts. For centuries, childbearing has been basic responsibility of a woman in the society because men dominated their sexuality. However, advent of contraception methods and legalization of abortion has enabled women to make an informed decision on when to have children without any undue pressure from men. Gender and Sexuality Realizing that men have been dominating society, as well as their sexuality, women began to adv ocate for their empowerment through ideology of feminism. Feminism is an ideology, which asserts that, men and women have equal capacities in the society for it seeks to dispel cultural and traditional beliefs that have led to marginalization of women. The society had perceived women as weak and different from their men counterparts, hence weaker gender. Such perception led to the emergence of gendered roles in the society because women had limited roles of childbearing, but men had unlimited roles, which allowed them to pursue their careers and develop their human capital leaving women behind. According to Seidman, Fischer and Meeks, feminists advocated for equal treatment before the law and socio-economic terms (44). Feminists argued that gendered roles emerged in the society because men correlated their sexuality with gender, yet they are quite different entities. They claim that sex is biological condition while gender is a social construct that men created, so that they can det ermine their place and roles in society. Thus, if men perceive women as equal partners in the society, then they will not impose unnecessary restrictions on their sexuality and reproduction. Gender inequality is restricting women from advocating for their rights and accessing various family planning methods. To emancipate themselves from dominance of men, feminists targeted political arena as means of fostering their feminism agenda. In 19th century, women in the United States did not have the right to vote; therefore, feminists struggled extremely hard to ensure that they obtained the right to vote. After attaining the right to vote, women continued advocating for their rights by competing for political positions. With time, more women joined politics so that they could exercise their power effectively towards empowering themselves in the society that men have dominated. Political positions accorded powers to women, which significantly transformed the perception of women as mere we aker gender, since they demonstrated that they had equal capacity as men. Seidman, Fischer and Meeks state that, women who entered politics made marked contribution to emancipation of women since they advocated for affirmative action (45). Affirmative action enabled formulation of policies and laws that led to empowerment of women in the society, for it recognized their vulnerability to dominance of men. Thus, making women have reproductive rights by allowing them to have access to contraceptive methods and abortion is also going to support affirmative action. Education has also empowered and liberated women in modern society. During ancient times, women have been groping in darkness because they had limited education regarding sexuality, reproduction and careers. Men dominated various fields of knowledge and restricted women to childbearing because culture and tradition dictated so. However, as more women went to school, they started gaining knowledge concerning sexuality, reproduc tion and career development that emancipated them from cultural and traditional shackles that men had imposed on them. Luker contends that schooling of women was a significant step that enabled them to compete effectively in family, community, and political spheres of society (56). Currently, it is quite evident that men and women have equal opportunities in the society because they perform similar duties, have same careers and equal rights. Given that birth control relates to women’s health, it is imperative that women should have reproductive rights of deciding types of birth control that they use. Health Care Improved health care services of reproduction have enabled women to make informed choices concerning methods of contraception. Healthcare system has provided numerous contraceptive methods that suit various needs of women, hence, allowing women to control conception and their sexual activity. Prior to the emergence of numerous contraceptives in the market, women relie d on their husbands to prevent them from conceiving. Then, common methods of preventing contraception were coitus interruptus, abstinence, and rhythmic method, which entirely depended on men; hence, women did not have the capacity to control of their sexuality and reproduction. According to Srikanthan and Reid, emergence of contraceptives such as pills and intra uterine devices gave women power to control conception and their sexuality (134). In modern society, women can decide whether to conceive or not without necessarily consulting their partners. Therefore, since contraceptives are readily available as over the counter drugs, women should have right to control their sexuality and reproduction. Additionally, healthcare system has provided an option of abortion following legalization of abortion. Legalization of abortion has considerably enhanced powers that women have in reproduction because statistics shows that out-of wedlock births have reduced significantly. In the modern soc iety, women cannot accept to give birth to a child out of wedlock because it is extremely expensive, and it is going to ruin their potential of getting another husband. The modern society has few single mothers, as compared to the recent past, because legalization of abortion has provided a means for women to terminate unwanted pregnancies. Siow reasons that, the availability of legal abortion has reduced the bargaining power of women for marriage, since they can control their sexuality and reproduction, unlike earlier when fear of pregnancy compelled them to get married (2). Hence, legalization of abortion has demonstrated that women need power over their sexuality and reproduction for them to control population effectively. Conclusion Control of population growth elicits immense controversy in the society since it clashes with cultural, traditional and religious beliefs of the people. Matters of sexuality and reproduction date back to ancient times when society held firmly to the taboos, which restricted women from exercising full control of their bodies. Religion strictly asserted that family is a basic unit of society with procreation powers bestowed on it; hence, control of population using contraceptives and abortion is detrimental to the society and family, as well. However, various governments across the world realized that control of the population has economic benefits for it promotes economic growth and sustainable utilization of resources. Feminists then emerged and advocated for empowerment of women through affirmative action, which enabled women to obtain more powers to control their sexuality and reproduction. Recently, improved healthcare system enhanced reproductive health by improving accessibility to various methods of contraception and abortion following legalization. In view of all these developments, it is quite evident that modern women have control over their sexuality and reproduction, thus have right to control population growth. Work s Cited Berreman, Gerald. â€Å"Race, Caste, and Other Invidious Distinctions in Social Stratification.† Race Class 13.1 (1972): 385-414. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality, Volume 3. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1990. Luker, Kristin. When Sex Goes to School: Warring Views on Sex and Sex Education  Since the Sixties. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2007. Michelle, Goldberg. â€Å"Skirting the Issue; Debates about Population Growth are Missing the point: Women Need More Control over Their Fertility and Lives.† Los Angeles 17 May 2009: 34. Seidman, Steven, Fischer, Nancy, and Meeks, Chet. Introducing the New Sexuality  Studies. New York: Routledge, 2011. Siow, Aloysius. â€Å"Do Innovations in Birth Control Technology Increase the Welfare of Women?† University of Toronto (2002): 1-46. Srikanthan, Amirrtha, and Reid, Robert. â€Å"Women’s Health: Religious and Cultural Influences on Contraception.† Journal of Obstetrician an d Gynaecology 30.2 (2008): 129-137. Teltsch, Kathleen. â€Å"Rise in Birth-Curb Services Is Likely to Continue.† New York  Times 31 July 1968: 17. This thesis on Birth Control was written and submitted by user Mallory Oneil to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dancing Diety essays

Dancing Diety essays For a long time I have had a vast interest in a small sculpture located in my parents entryway. This sculpture is a figure with four arms, stands on one leg atop what appears to be a baby, and wears a funny looking headdress of some sort. For years Ive wondered why this little man had four arms, stood in such an uncomfortable-looking fashion, and what meaning he has. Finally, my wonder has turned to insight, as a course I took in college, Art History, has suddenly shown me the light. The first real picture that I saw of this funny little guy, Nataraja, was in our textbook where I learned he is a god adopted by the ancient Indian imperial Cholas. We were then assigned a visit to the Minneapolis Institute of Arts where I had my first look at an original sculpture of the dancing god. The piece is named Shiva Nataraja (Lord of the Dance). It is an archetypal sculpture made in the late tenth century by an unknown artist and was found in a temple near Pondicherry, India. The sculpture my parents have is a cast metal one with a very dull gray luster, about six inches high. You can tell with close examination that this was most likely one of many made from the same cast and sold as a souvenir type item. The one at the museum was quite different as it is made from bronze with a much smoother appearance and stands about twenty-eight inches high. Aligning the nose, naval, and weight bearing foot, the central axis of the figure maintains his center of balance and e quilibrium, while his arms extend asymmetrically to each side. The smaller figure at my parents is much more flat, and looks as if he is struggling to stand on his one leg. The one at the museum is much more three-dimensional, and looks much more relaxed. At first glance of this graceful dancing deity, my first reaction was one of awe. The fact that the piece is very old and is still fully intact is amazing in itself. Also, I didnt think...

Oracle database Recovery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Oracle database Recovery - Research Paper Example The mounting technique helps a database to read files without opening them. The Oracle tries to initialize each and every control files available in the initORACLE_SID.ora  file, if the files are replicated. The any control file is broken the mounting techniques fails. In order to configure a database, first we need to run svrmgrl, and secondly connect it to the database and finally enter (Preston, 1999): startup mount. â€Å"$  svrmgrl SVRMGR >  connect internal; Connected. SVRMGR >  startup mount; Statement processed† If the above procedure accomplished then the output must seems to be like this (Preston, 1999): â€Å"SVRMGR >  startup mount; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 5130648 bytes Fixed Size 44924 bytes Variable Size 4151836 bytes Database Buffers 409600 bytes Redo Buffers 524288 bytes Database mounted† The mounting of the database if turn successful then step 10 must be performed. On the contrary, if the mounting process fails than the output seems like this (Preston, 1999): â€Å"SVRMGR >  startup mount; Total System Global Area 5130648 bytes Fixed Size 44924 bytes Variable Size 4151836 bytes Database Buffer to s 409600 bytes Redo Buffers 524288 bytes ORACLE instance started. ... Moreover, these files can easily be recreated if required. The core element regarding data and information portrays impact on more than one control files that are missing. This is due to the fact that Oracle abandons the mounting files that come across failure. Hence, the files are missing if the mounting procedure fails. Therefore, before taking any action, first we need to determine the seriousness of the problem. This can be done by researching on the situation. Initial research includes the names of the missing control files by doing configORACLE_SID.ora  file subsequently to the word  control files. It looks somewhat like this (Preston, 1999): â€Å"control_files = (/db/Oracle/a/oradata/crash/control01.ctl, /db/Oracle/b/oradata/crash/control02.ctl, /db/Oracle/c/oradata/crash/control03.ctl)† (Rajan, 2006 ) The control file name that is criticized by Oracle should be found. This can be found by searching for this phrase control file that is maintained in the alert logs. Moreover, the alert log can be found in particular location such as ‘background_dump_dest’ and ‘configinstance.ora’ file. In general, it is present in the file named as ORACLE_BASE/ORACLE_SID/admin/bdump’directory. A file named as ‘alert_ORACLE_SID.log’ must be present in directory. The error looks like this (Preston, 1999): alter database mount exclusive ORA-00202: controlfile: '/db/a/oradata/crash/control01.ctl' ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status SVR4 Error: 2: No such file or directory† The name of all the control files along with crashed file names, it is relatively easier to analyze the complexity of the issue. This can be achieved by listing control files with their comparison with the size and time of any change and

Educational Research. Correlational Research From Other Types Of Assignment

Educational Research. Correlational Research From Other Types Of Research - Assignment Example Klimstra et al. also sought to clarify several inconsistencies that had been found by other studies before, but not researched (Klimstra et al. 150). This study sought to examine the manner in which formation of identity in adolescents can be described best using self-report surveys. The study by Klimstra et al. follows almost the exact organization as that in the survey research from the text. First, the study has a purpose statement discussed above, it also has a problem statement, which is whether the formation of identity in adolescents is best characterized by stability or change; as well it has an abstract in the beginning. The collection of data in the two studies was similar in that the participants were asked to fill out questionnaires that would be analyzed later. In addition, the analysis of data involved the use of scales, although the scales were different in both studies. While the sample study in the text used the Likert Scale, the Identity Formation in Adolescence: Ch ange or Stability research study used the Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale. 2. What differentiates correlational research from other types of research? A common thing among all the correlational research studies is the fact that they are involved in the exploration of relationships between different variables. This differs from the descriptive research, since the descriptive research only describes what happens or what is going on. ... rrelational research also differs from the causal-comparative research, as the correlational researcher is attempting to measure the nature of variable relationships, rather than a cause and effect relationship (Mertler & Charles 256). For instance, a correlational research study could conclude that there was a correlation between violence among family members and ice-skating. While this may seem strange, it is true that there is a correlation, rather than a relation. As more individuals are involved in ice-skating in the United States, there is more violence among family members. The question, however, that this research poses is whether these findings are indicative of the fact that ice-skating causes violence among family members, for instance, whether people who have some bad time on the ice rink take it out on family members. In addition, could it be that violence with a family member caused one to feel the need to go out and skate the whole day? The truth is that none of these variables leads to the other; they are simply correlated. Every time that people go out to skate, there is an increase in violence among family members. On the other hand, it is also possible to predict that every time violence among family members goes down, it will lead that there will be fewer people at the local ice skating rink. What exists is a hidden link that binds these two variables together; which itself is a third variable, which, in this case, is winter. As people spend more time at home in winter, violence among family members goes up while more people also tend to go ice-skating in winter. 3. What are the principal data sources in experimental and quasi-experimental research? Quasi-experimental and experimental research designs are used for systematic observation of the

Space, the amazing universe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Space, the amazing universe - Essay Example The universe is a phenomenon made up of various forces that combine to ensure the existence of life. There are four major forces that support the existence of life on earth. The earth is believed to be spherical. As a result, the earth’s state of motion is important as it promotes a balance in energy distribution and light (Phelan, 33). Human beings need the sun for survival. The sun is steadily positioned thus the need for the earth to rotate in order for all sections of the globe to receive sunlight. The sun is important in life existence as it is a key element in the manufacture of food for plants thus passing the energy down to human beings and animals. According to scientific principles, the four inertial forces of the earth work together to support life and an increase or deduction of forces might distort the normal life operations. The earth is spherical and exists in a state of motion. Therefore, living things on earth require forces in order to remain intact and move freely on earth (Phelan, 54). Albert Einstein’s principle of equivalence explains the relationship between the four forces and the sustenance of life. The four forces act in equal magnitude I order to maintain balance of the globe. This can be related to Newton’s concept of a moving car and a passenger. In order for a passenger to stay in an accelerating car, forces must be applied on him or her. In the same way, in order for the earth to remain in its shape as well as its rotation on its axis.

Composition of Hydrocarbons

Composition of Hydrocarbons Samerah Mansha Chemistry – Hydrocarbons – Organic compounds are molecules comprising of both carbon and hydrogen atoms. These compounds can be found as gaseous, liquid, or solid. Organic compounds are vital in life processes as they are found in the products we use daily such as soap, cosmetics, perfumes, plastics, rubber, paper, insecticides. The source of energy we use everyday such as petroleum and coal contain organic compounds. Foods such as margarines and flavourings that we taste are the organic compounds interrelating with our taste buds.Scents in perfumes and food that we detect with our nose are organic compounds interrelating with our receptors. The main type of organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which are chemical compounds compromising of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Alkanes and alkenes are two types of hydrocarbons. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons due to containing the full amount of hydrogen atoms possible. Alkanes also contain single bonds. The overall formula of an alkane isCnH2n+2, where n shows the quantity of carbon atoms present. The chemical and structural formula of alkanes (see figure 1). Isomers are molecules with an identical chemical formula, but differ in terms of having different structural formula due to varied arrangement of atoms, isomers also have different properties. The isomer of butane C4H10, is 2methyl-propane. (See figure 2) These two compounds are isomers of each other due to having the same chemical formula of C4H10, but vary in terms of having different structural formula. The above propane has an added methyl group, thus called methyl propane. The isomers of hexane C6H14, (see figure 3) The isomers of pentane C5H12, (see figure 4) – A homologous series is simply a group of organic chemical compounds which is ordered in increasing size, such as having similar structures but only differ slightly by a CH2 group within their chain. A series of compounds which are related like alkanes are known as homologous series. This is because alkanes have the same general formulas of CnH2n+2, but differ from the next CH2 unit. All the alkanes in the homologous series have similar chemical properties, but have different physical properties such as boiling point and density increase as the number of carbons atoms increase. Name of Alkane Number Carbon atoms Chemical Formula Simple Structure (Molecular Diagram) Methane 1 C H4 Ethane 2 C2H6 Propane 3 C3H8 Butane 4 C4H10 Pentane 5 C5H12 Hexane 6 C6H14 Heptane 7 C7H16 Octane 8 C8H18 Nonane 9 C9H20 Decane 10 C10H22 Figure: 5 Example of a homologous series of alkanes with structure of CnH2n+2, Ivy Rose, (n.d) 2.4, 2.5 – As alkanes are saturate hydrocarbons, they are deemed unreactive due to containing single bonds such as C-H and C-C bonds which are quiet strong and difficult to break due to the strong intermolecular force. However the only ways alkanes are able to react is via combustion, chlorination and cracking. Combustion is exothermic process and is known burning of carbon compounds, in particular hydrocarbons is a vital source of heat energy. For example by combusting alkanes with oxygen it releases energy which can be instantaneously be used as fuels. In combustion of alkanes such as propane, every single covalent bond within the reactants is broken down and forms a new set of covalent bonds within the products. The balanced formula is: CH3-CH2-CH3 + 5 O2——>3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat Combustion also producescarbon dioxideand watervapour which is shown above. Another example of combustion of methane: CH4(g) + 2O2(g)→CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) (Methane + Oxygen→Carbon dioxide + Water) If there is not enough oxygen supply within the air, then this would result then would form carbon monoxide gas which is poisons. For example, the below equation shows the partial combustion of methane due to lack of oxygen present: 2CH4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO(g)+ 4H2O(g) (Methane + Oxygen → Carbon monoxide + Water) However the burning of alkanes has the potential to cause many enviromental problems, such as the toxic waste gas carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons which are present in cat emissions. Additional excessive combustion of hydrocarbons increases carbon dioxide emissions which contribute to the greenhouse effect. Another reaction of alkanes is called chlorination which is the when alkanes react with chlorine. For example, when the alkane methane and chlorine react together, the hydrogen atoms of the methane are simply replaced one by one by chlorine atoms. Thus forming a combination of compounds of chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane. Figure:6 Reaction and products that occur between methane and chlorine, Chem Guide, (2000) Some fuels which are made from oil mixtures contain large hydrocarbon molecules which are not useful, as they do not flow easily and are quiet difficult to ignite. This is when the process of the cracking, a thermal decompositionreaction comes in. The process of cracking allows big hydrocarbon molecules to be broken down into much smaller and more useful hydrocarbon molecules. This is achieved by the large hydrocarbon molecules being vaporised and put in a hot catalyst which breakdowns the chemical bonds within molecules thus forming smaller hydrocarbon molecules. For example in the cracking process of the alkane hexane, a smaller alkane is formed plus an alkene. The alkene is formed because the alkane which is this case is the hexane does not contain enough hydrogen atoms in order to produce another alkane. . C6H14 C4H10 + C2H4 Figure: 7 The cracking reaction of the alkane hexane, BBC Bitesize, (n.d) 3.1 Alkenes are also hydrocarbons compromising of carbon and hydrogen atoms, but also have one or more double bonds present within the carbon chain. Alkenes are also a series of compounds within a homologous series but have a different general formula of CnH2n. Examples of alkenes and their chemical and structural formula (See figure 8) Geometrical isomerisms are formed when atoms or groups of molecules are arranged in a different way due to limited amount of rotation of the bond or bonds within a molecule. For example, there are two geometrical isomers for the alkene 2-butene, as there are two different spatial arrangements of methyl groups and double bond, thus forming geometrical isomers called cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, these are formed because the CH3 groups are found on opposite of the double bond. (See figure 9) Another example is the 1,2-dichloroethene, forms the trans-1,2 dichoethne and Cis-1,2 dichroloethee gemotical isomers, (See figure 10) One of the isomer, the two chlorine atoms are locked upon opposite sides of double bond, thus called theTransisomer whereas in the other isomer the two chlorine atoms are locked within the same side of the double bond thus known as cisisomer. (See figure 10). 3.2, 3.3 – A single covalent bond is simply when one pair of electrons (2 electrons) are shared amongst two atoms. It typically consists of one sigma bond. On the other hand, bonds with more than one mutual pair of electrons are called multiple bonds, in particular sharing two pairs of electrons is called a double bond where 4 electrons are covalently bonded together, the double bonds typically comprises of one sigma and one pi bond. Alkanes are saturated compounds with single covalent sigma bonds, thus are more stable than alkenes as high amount of energy would be needed to break these. Alkenes are unsaturated with the presence of carbon-carbon pi-bonds and sigma bonds which connects to carbon atoms which makes them highly more reactive than alkanes due to the existence of double bonds and because they are unstable as they want to achieve full saturation. Another reason alkenes are ore reactive is because in double bond there is a lone pair of free electrons which is easily lost thus highly reactive as its easily lost in order to be covalently single bonded Thus when alkenes react in such reactions such as combustion or additions, it mainly involves the rupture of the pi bond, thus forming newsingle bonds. Within the alkenes, the double bond allows more electrons to be put into the joining within the two carbon atoms, thus held less strongly making them more likely to react with less input of energy needed to ov ercome the activation energy of reaction 3.4, 3.5 The main reaction of alkenes is the addition reaction which occurs due to the extra electron found within the C=C double bond which causes alkenes to be attacked by species called electrophiles in which â€Å"like† positve charged electrons. Due to the electrophile having an positive charge it is attracted towards the alkene which causes the electrons within the pi bond to break, then electrons from it are used in order to form a bond to the positive end joining the two carbon atoms to other things. Figure: 11 Example of an addition reaction using X-Y, Chem guide, (2003) Another example of addition reactions is hydrogen and hydrogen chloride. ethene +hydrogen→ethane = C2H4+H2→C2H6 Due to alkenes containing pi-bonds (double or triple) which can be broken easily due to their overlay, it makes them the prime target for addition reaction, which stabilises the molecular orbitals by forming sigma-bonds, which are stronger. Another example ofan addition reactionis the bromine test which is simply used in order to tell the difference between an alkane and an alkene. Alkenes undergo an addition reaction when combined with bromine water which is usually orangey-brown in colour, but when it is shaken with an alkene, the solution becomes colourless as alkene decolourise bromine water as it reacts with the double bond, which indicates the presence of a pi bond. However if bromine water was shaken with an alkane, the bromine water remains brown as there is no double bond present For example, the bromine is decolourised because a colourless dibromethane compound forms. For example: ethene + bromine → dibromoethane C2H4+ Br2→ C2H4Br2 (See figure 12) 3.6 Polymerisation is an important reaction of alkenes. During polymerisation all the atoms within the alkenes are used to form a polymer, a polymer is a large long-chain of molecule of repeated units which formed when smaller molecule called monomers join together. For example, several chloroethene monomers join end-to-end to make poly(chloroethene), which is also known as PVC via the polymerisation process. (See figure 13) Figure: 14 Addition polymerisation reaction, BBC Bitesize, (n.d) Alkenes act as monomer due to the presence of the double bond. Different polymers have different properties, so they have different uses which make them important in everyday life. For example, the polymer polyethene is commonly used to make plastic bags and bottles, whereas polyproper is used to make crated and ropes and polycholorethene is uses in water pipes and commonly in insulation of electricity cables. However regardless of the uses of polymers being useful their disposal creates various problems, due to being non-biodegradable, because being unreactive to majority of chemicals and bacteria. However can only be recycled, but this is a costly process. They can also be burnt which does produce energy but again produces toxic fumes. References: Accelerated Study Notes, (n.d), Alkenes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.acceleratedstudynotes.com/ib/chemistry-ib/ib-chemistry-alkenes/, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. Barry Gray, (2006), Organic Chemistry and the Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.barrygray.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Tutoring/OrgC.html, [Accessed on 18/05/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Alkanes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/crudeoil/crudeoilrev1.shtml, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Polymerisation, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/materials/chemicalscrudeoilrev3.shtml, [Accessed on 11/06/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Polymers and ethanol from oil – Cracking, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/oils/polymersrev1.shtml, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Polymers and ethanol, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/substancesfromcrudeoil/polymersandethanolrev1.shtml, [Accessed on 14/06/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Properties of Alkanes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/chemistry/materialsfromoil/hydrocarbons/revision/3/, Accessed on 15/06/15]. Boundless, (n.d), Reactions of alkenes and alkynes, [on-line], Available at: https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/organic-chemistry-23/alkenes-and-alkynes-164/reactions-of-alkenes-and-alkynes-633-3626/, [Accessed on 15/06/15]. Chem Guide, (2000), Multiple substitutions in the methane and chlorine reaction, [on-line], Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/freerad/multisubcl.html, [Accessed on 18/05/15]. Chem Guide, (2003), Introducing Alkenes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/background.html, [Accessed on 15/05/15]. Chem guide, (2012), Structural Isomerism, [on-line], Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/structural.html, [Accessed on 12/05/15]. Chem Guide, (n.d), The halogenation of alkanes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkanes/halogenation.html, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. Chem Wiki, (n.d), Cis Trans Isomers of Alkanes, [on-line], Available at: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Structure_of_Organic_Molecules/Cis_and_Trans_Isomers_of_Alkanes, [Accessed on 14/05/15]. Chem Wiki, (n.d), Geometric Isomerism in Organic Molecules, [on-line], Available at:http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Geometric_Isomerism_in_Organic_Molecules, [Accessed on 14/05/15]. Chemistry Msu,(2013), Reactions of Alkenes, [on-line], Available at: http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/addene1.htm, [Accessed on 15/05/15]. Cliffs Notes, (n.d), Alkenes: Molecular and Structural Formulas, [on-line], Available at: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/chemistry/organic-chemistry-i/structure-and-properties-of-alkenes/alkenes-molecular-and-structural-formulas, [Accessed on 16/06/15]. Ivy Rose, (n.d), Homologous Series, [on-line], Available at: http://www.ivyroses.com/Chemistry/Organic/Homologous-Series.php, [Accessed on 17/05/15]. Organic Chemistry Blog,(2012), Organic chemistry in everyday life, [on-line], Available at: http://organicchemistryucsi.blogspot.co.uk/, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. Organic Chemistry, (n.d), Polymerisation of Alkenes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.organicchemistry.com/polymerization-of-alkenes/, [Accessed o 15/05/15].

biology presentation for the skeleton :: essays research papers

Intro – slide 1 – acetate 1 The skeleton of a human foetus is formed from tough but flexible cartilage that acts as a blueprint for bone construction. During ossification ( the changing of cartilage to bone) which begins before birth, the cartilage is broken down and the resulting space is filled by bone building mineral salts and protein fibres secreted by bone cells. Humans have a bony endoskeleton made up of 206 bones, although we are born with up to 300, but many of these fuse during childhood. slide 2 The skeleton is divided into two parts ; the axial and the appendiculur. Axial skeleton The axial skeleton consists of the skull, backbone and rib cage which forms the upright axis of the body. It helps to protect the brain, spinal cord and organs in the chest. Appendicular skeleton The appendicular skeleton consists of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvis and girdles. The human pelvis is adapted for an upright stance. the lower limbs support the upper body and enable walking and other locomotory movements to take place, where as the upper limbs are used for manipulation. Slide three Just read off screen Slide four – acetate 2 Muscles are used to move your bones. Most muscles are joined at both ends to bones. They are joined to bones by non elastic tendons. Bones are held in place by strong fibres called ligaments. Slide five – acetate 3 Joints are formed when two or more bones come together. Most joints allow bones to move. The amount of movement depends on the type of joint. The elbow joint is a hinge joint. Joints that allow movement are called synovial joints. A synovial joint s adapted to enable a joint to move easily. They contain cartilage, ligaments, bones, synovial fluid and a synovial membrane. Slide six The bones provide the solid base on which the tendons and ligaments are fixed. They are very resistant to being compressed, bent and stretched. The cartilage is the smooth layer which covers the ends of the bones and which stops the bones rubbing together. It has high tensile strength, but it is not rigid. Can compressed and is able to act as a shock absorber. The ligaments are strong fibres that hold bones firmly together. they form a protective cover around the joint. Are very strong and sufficiently elastic to allow movement when the bones in the joint move, so reducing the chance of dislocating a joint.

Grand Metropolitan PLC Essay

Company Background and Issues Grand Metropolitan PLC was a multinational holdings company that faced a hostile takeover threat in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. The company specialized in wine and spirits. The headquarters for operation was in London, England at the time of this case. The major dilemma at hand is avoiding a takeover. The economy was bad at the time, and the company’s stock price was thought to be undervalued, as their low P/E ratio of 13.3 indicated. Management needs to find out why their stock price is so undervalued. A new strategy of Grand Metropolitan’s was to capitalizing brand value on the balance sheet. Another strategy of management was to divest in low growth areas and invest heavier in projects that meet a certain growth criteria. The CEO stated, â€Å"In addition to brewing, we have continued to exit those businesses whose failure potential earnings do not meet our growth criteria†¦ All those decisions were driven by a thorough analysis of income growth prospects†. Senior management is committed to reducing debt. In 1991 alone the debt to capital ratio fell by 9%. Management has shown to be committed to these goals into the future. One of the issues management will have to face is how to tell which business units are outperforming others. Despite the great performance of Grand Metropolitan as a company during the 1980’s, the stock was undervalued in the early 1990’s. This is the immediate issue management must address to avoid a takeover. Financial Analysis Cost of Capital: Our estimate of the pound-based weighted average cost of capital for Grand Metropolitan was 16.433862%. We used the weights from exhibit 6. The tax rate was given as 35%. We used the weighted average costs of debt and preferred stock from exhibit 7. We then discounted the flow of future dividends to find the cost of common equity. We also used the three strategic business units to find the approximate weighted average cost of capital for each unit. We found that WACC for Restaurant-Retailing came to 12.8876%. The WACC for Food Processing came to 12.12%. And the WACC for Drinks came to 11.5513%. We used exhibit 8 to find the average cost of equity and debt for the comparable companies in each business segment and forecasted it on to Grand Metropolitan. We noticed a high cost of equity for Grand Metropolitan. This comes at a time when the company is trying to reduce its debt. The cost of equity was found to be 16% in the U.S. and about 18% in Great Britain. Cost of Debt: To find our cost of debt we took the market value of debt to capital ratios for each segment, found on exhibit 8, for our weights. Our assumptions to find the cost of debt, since it was not explicitly given, were as follows; we used the bond ratings given under each segment, we then used the yields by rating category chart on exhibit 9 to find the appropriate rates and found an average of the ratings assigned for each segment. Now having found our weights and rates we are able to with the tax rate found within each segment find our cost of debt. Currency rate risk: Due to the diversity of markets that Grand Metropolitan operates within, the company is inherently exposed to currency conversation rate risk. The majority of the subsidiaries of Grand Metropolitan operate within the United Kingdom and the United States markets, which utilize the Great Britain Pound and the U.S. Dollar respectively. With Grand Metropolitan’s headquarters in London, England, they have a large number, 77%, of their Debt currency in U.S. dollars. We think this is due to their ability to access a much lower debt rate within the U.S. market, so they can finance their projects with the cheapest debt available. Market Analysis: Grand Metropolitan’s P/E ratio is noticeably lower when compared to the other companies within its segmented segments. We found that these low P/E ratios combined with increased profits made Grand Metropolitan a potential target for corporate raiders, i.e. takeover risk. RONA: During our analysis of individual segments, exhibit 2, we found that the RONAs for the Retailing and Food were lagging behind that of the Drinks segment. Furthermore, the Drinks segment only has 26% of total net assets, yet it provides 46% of operating profits. Comparing this to the Retailing segment, which utilizes 40% of net assets while only contributing 24% of the total profits, shows a great disparity. The Food segment represents 34% of net assets and 30% of the total profits. EVA: When calculating EVA, our early indications that Retailing was a drain on the company’s profits and growth were further confirmed. Retail had a negative EVA of -137.70. Drinks were clearly the main most efficient segment with an EVA of 135.83, and Food had a -44.04 EVA. We calculated these EVA’s using our segment WACC’s and using Net Assets as a measure of Capital. Tax Rates for each segment were given in exhibit 8, which were applied to operating profit for a NOPAT of each segment. These results show how mismanaged and inefficient the Retailing segment, and to a smaller degree the food segment are. Environmental Analysis: Strengths: The strength of Grand Metropolitan is its drink segment. The operating profit in the United States has been grown from $185 to $517. The UK and Ireland are using only 30% of net assets, but contribute 36% of the operating profit. Weaknesses: Retailing appears to be a weakness for Grand Metropolitan. The return on net assets and operating profit has been consistently lower than the other segments. The company’s capital structure is set up with a heavier than average amount of debt. Grand Metropolitan carries 43% debt to capital, while the average for comparable companies is between 28-34% depending on the segment. Opportunities: Grand Metropolitan has an opportunity to increase profits by investing in current successful brands. The brands that fall under drinks have proven to give the highest return on net assets. Recommendation: From our results we can conclude that the Retailing and Food segments are not adding value to the firm and are bringing down the value being added by the Drinks segment. While Food’s EVA of -44.04 isn’t nearly as bad as Retail’s -137.70, both are bringing down the company’s growth opportunities. These segments are either ripe for a selloff or restructuring. The food segment especially seems like it needs just a management change since it’s close to being positive EVA but return on net assets has dipped in the last few years, leading to the low EVA.

System Development Essay Example

System Development Essay Example System Development Essay System Development Essay System Development Information technology (IT) is defined as any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization (Haag, Cummings, 2013). An IT department has become a crucial aspect for businesses in todays societies because it is not only theyre to help a business continue to develop new technology, but it is also there to help employees when needed. The use of softwares and databases has become more frequent in businesses and when software and databases get used more, there is even more of a eed for an IT department. An IT department has the ability to assist employees and even customers with any IT related issues. There Job is to understand the software and databases used by the company, so they can be prepared for any issues that may come up. Technology helps businesses run smoothly and helps them get results quicker. However, having technology can also come with stress because of the negative issues that sometimes can happen. There is no control over if youre program crashes, your databases freezes, or any other issues that may arise. The IT epartment is key when it comes to these issues because they are trained and have more tools than we do to figure out the problem and resolve it. An employee or a supervisor may know a couple ways to try and fix a problem, but what do you do then if it still cannot be fixed? Sending it to the manufacture or calling the them would probably take longer then it should to get the problem resolved, so calling your IT department in this instance is the best solution. When there is a negative issue with any form of technology, a company should want to get it resolved as quickly as possible so business is not slowed down. The IT department is also there to make sure the technology for the business is as much up to date as possible. An IT department can notify employees when upgrades are needed for programs to ensure they are using the best possible upgrades. Updating computer programs is important because the upgrades help the program run much smoother and sometimes a task can be slowed down Just because an upgrade was not done. Also, what happens if there is a problem with the upgrade? Wouldnt it be easier to have an IT department to help fix this? It would because not having an IT department ould then make the employees call the actually software or program company, which can be frustrating and a long process to do. Your own IT department prevents the added on stress on the situation and gets you a result quicker. The IT department can also notify and install new software and databases into the computers when needed. There are always new programs coming out that can help a business grow and it is crucial for businesses to keep up with those advances. The IT department can spend the time learning new programs and getting them ready for employees to have access to. Employees have enough on their plates to worry about as it is, so having an extra hand for the technology is a very positive aspect. If a business was to I department away, even Tor Just a Tew weeks to test now a Duslness a there would definitely be signs of employees overwhelmed because negative situations with technology happens on a daily basis and the IT department is the best option to fix those problems. Businesses base so much of their work on technology and it helps businesses succeed to the best of their ability. Having people at a business to solely focus on the IT side of the business is something every major ompany should have. The cost of having an IT department can add up, but the reward for having one is much greater. Its like the saying you should be safe, rather than sorry and I agree with that saying. If cost is an issue for a company, looking at the companies finances as a whole could help find other ways to cut costs to help keep a IT department available. With as much as IT is growing and how much it is predicted to continue to grow, business need to weigh out the pros and cons of a IT department and see how much an IT department is used and needed.

Social Environment Accounting Essays

Social Environment Accounting Essays Social Environment Accounting Paper Social Environment Accounting Paper In particular, contributions have attempted to explore the notion that counting discourse is a medium through which relationships between business and society can be created, nurtured and developed. In our 2000 issue, we expressed our guiding aim through the lens provided by the late Professor Ray Chambers. We repeat it for this issue: What accounting needs is its own Copernican revolution. Too long have accountants been enamored of the products of undisciplined imagination and umbilical contemplation. Too long have they failed to lift their sights to the observables of real world affairs the substance of which it is their business to capture. Accounting is ideal depicted as essentially historical. Hence the use of past prices, in presenting presently dated financial statements. More recently attention has shifted to future, hypothetical, prices. But what about present prices in presently dated statements? Accountants seem to have settled for the rule of the White Queen in Through the Looking Glass: The rule is jam tomorrow and jam yesterday-but never jam today. (Chambers, 1 Bibb: 250-251 Recent research in the area of environmental, financial and management accounting shows that accounting and accountants can participate in these areas of search. This issue attempts to explore these research questions some of which are. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; What do key organizational decision-makers understand by environmental sustainability? To what extent, if any, do senior managers in a corporatio n address environmental issues? Why are these issues addressed and how do they relate to democratic accountability? How are environmental issues integrated into organizational strategy? What environmental strategies are developed and implemented? What are the driving forces behind corporate policies toward environmental issues? What do key members of stakeholder groups understand by environmental sustainability? How do companies and their stakeholders assess environmental performance? 0155-9982/$ see front matter 0 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0. 1 016/j. Cofactor. 004. 04. 004 2 Introduction / Accounting Forum 28 (2004) 1-5 A starting point was that provided by Gray, Jar, Power and Sinclair (2001) who observed that they were unable to find, during an 8 year sample, any unique and/or stable relationship between any measure of disclosure and any corporate characteristic (Gray et al. , 2001 , p. 349). In this issue, extending the Dundee Perspective, Lorraine, Collision and Power add to the growing body of statistical work on the relationship between environmental performance and disclosure characteristics. Their research begins to appraise the bottom line and explores the extent to which corporations are acting in the public interest. Specifically, they analyses publicity surrounding fines for environmental pollution and the commendations related to good environmental achievements to determine whether these information events influence share prices (Lorraine et al. , 2004). In this article, they explore whether good or bad publicity about environmental performance affects companies share prices. To date, they explain that a lot Of the research in this area has been conducted in a US setting and has arrived at inconclusive results. This investigation examines the topic in a UK context to consider publicity about fines for environmental pollution as well as commendations about good environmental achievements to see whether such information influences share prices. The results indicate that there is a stock market response to such news especially for details on fines-?typically up to 1 week after news is published. A cross-sectional analysis indicates that the share price response is mainly a function of the relative fine imposed on the firm; other explanatory variables such as environmental performance news or sector membership were unsuccessful in explaining variations in the market responses they observed. Equally, Accounting Forum has been interested in the interdependencies between social and environmental accounting which extend to the nexus between accounting and information to employees and other relevant parties. In this issue of Accounting Forum, R. G. Day presents evidence concerning the evolution of reporting about employees in the last entry and its relationship with mandatory disclosure rules (Day, 2004). This is an interesting phenomenon, given that the current conceptual framework for corporate environmental reporting has only recently begun to analyses the relationship between voluntary and regulated disclosure. For example, accounting research is only just beginning to examine the relationships between the role that International Standards such as ISO 14001 have had on the reporting function. In Days article, however, he focuses on evidence from the ELK and finds that there is an apparent disregard for Statutory disclosures. Implicit in much of the Corporate Environmental and Social Reporting (CE) literature is the supposition that the existing CUFF framework offers a pragmatic justification for the wider implementation of CE making the task easier and cost-effective. These studies point toward a need for a better understanding of the relationships between reporting practice, democratic theory and the common goods that bring societies together. From another United Kingdom perspective, Hammond and Miles (2004) examine different evaluation systems of UK corporate environmental and social reporting systems. They add to the literature by adopting a qualitative perspective on CSS through an examination of the Kiss Environmental Reporting Assessment (ERA), Business in the Environment (Bib), Oxford Economic Research Associates (EXERT), and Environmental Limited. One research theme that emerges from this strand of the literature is a hypothesis that the voluntary nature of social reporting is a strategic force designed to legitimate corporate activities in the eyes of the community. Consequently, it might be argued that 3 management considers annual reports to be a publicity device to reduce the adverse perceptions that some sections of the community have toward modern corporation (Nee et al. , 1998). From a US perspective, Marty Freedman and Dennis Patten examine the Toxins Release Inventory (TRIG) which was passed into law in 1986 (Freedman Patten, 2004). The Act, they explain, focused on using information as a tool for reducing pollution. They develop the argument of Sonar and Cohen (1997, p. 09) that if investors cared enough about the pollution performance information required under the enactment to punish bad performers, firms would have a market-based incentive to reduce toxic emissions. They then argue that legitimacy theorists suggest that corporations may use largely voluntary financial report environmental disclosures to offset or mitigate the negative aspects of other information or actions. Accordingly, these disclosures could reduce the market eff ect of the TRIG program. In the light of President George Bushs unexpected June 1989 proposal to revise the Clean Air Act, Freedman and Patten identify whether TRIG information and 10-K report environmental disclosures had an impact. Using a sample of 112 firms they offer the conclusion that companies with worse pollution performance (higher levels of size-adjusted toxic releases into the air) suffered more negative market reactions than companies with better performance. However, companies with less extensive environmental disclosures in their 10-K reports suffered more negative market reactions than companies with more extensive disclosure. These results suggest that, while the TRIG information may be inducing market effects that could in turn work as a quasi-regulatory device, financial report environmental disclosure actually reduces its impact. The conclusion is that if concern about the environment is important then environmental disclosure ender the auspices of voluntary regime is clearly inadequate. This issue, then, examines and provides evidence concerning the efficacy of voluntary environmental regimes, further evidence that limitations exist within liberal paradigms is examined in terms of current business and corporate environmental regimes. Juxtaposing the liberal justifications for environmental protection with different conceptions of democratic discourse begins a re-alignment of humanitys attitude toward the natural environment; namely, to begin a discourse through which natures intrinsic value might be revealed. A broader social and environmental audit, arguably, can be developed in conjunction with a theory of language that reconnects humanity with the natural environment. Thus, an aim of this issue has been to consider the democratic role of environmental and social accounting in a transnational age. Another am of the journal has been to explore how humanity might re- connect with nature and how this might be reported to relevant publics. In the communitarian tradition Of Rousseau, who is not fully credited with this insight, a face-to-face community is characterized by greater transparency Han is the typical liberal state, allowing members of communities to be informed about wasteful and damaging resource consumption and the ecological burdens to be borne by all. Recent environmental and social accounting literature suggests that accounting can contribute to environmental discourse through a critical framework committed to investigating the truthfulness and authenticity of the data reported. One area of particular interest that emerges from critical accounting discourse involves the processes through which peoples attitudes are changed and how reform is created. Toward this end, the authors in this volume contribute to an exploration that more governmental 4 regulation might be needed to counter the hegemonic forces of global capitalism. Moreover, recent work on social and environmental accounting exposes future trends which are now becoming evident through globalization. It poses new dilemmas for management and increases pressure on accountants to report to communities on corporate social and environmental issues. The globalization of the commons is never seen is zero-sum terms, but always as unambiguous improvements in the efficiency Of the economic system. Future research must explore the structural and social causes of environmental problems which the current selection of articles have begun to address. In addition, we are concerned with social and environmental impacts on the relationship between management accounting and management information systems. Future directions for social and environmental accounting must explore the links between accounting and information systems as a means to report to relevant publics. Some future directions might take: ; The future role for managers in a changing accounting world where communication to relevant publics becomes more important. Explorations into the communicative relationships between accounting and the moral and physical structures which govern modern advanced communities. ; Critical explorations into the processes of globalization and transnational capitalism as they impact local and regional communities and environments. ; The relationships between critical accounting and reform accounting proposals in a deregulated and internationally harmonious world business environment. Differentiating and exploring the motivations for corporate performance in terms of environmental saints and others environmental sinner (Chain Milne, 1999). Moreover, we canvas the ecological consequences of the dominant accounting framework, which is based on procedural liberal principles and has a tendency to displace investigation into more substantive relationships between humanity and nature. Yet, these developments in accounting, however welcome, have been slow in coming and may reflect a diminished role of accounting with other disciplines areas like law taking over these areas. Further, the failure to keep pace with overseas developments may mean that the information used by policy makers will not express the same intelligence as that used by our mediators further eroding competition. Through a consideration of humanitys anthropocentric stance it is possible to rethink the maxim that nature has intrinsic value, which should be respected. Our guiding theme has been to argue that the natural environment is a necessary condition for humanitys being in the world.

Eco Tourism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eco Tourism - Case Study Example However, this niche market of the tourism sector has come under scrutiny for the positive and negative implications it presents. We will examine the positive and negative factors of ecotourism by looking at the political, economic, social and technological factors of ecotourism, and how they can increase visitor arrivals. Due to the ambiguous nature of the term 'eco-tourism' and the many meanings it has been assigned, it can sometimes become confusing. The confusion raised by the term needs to be clarified in order to better understand the nature of eco-tourism. A definition must be given to facilitate the understanding of its impacts on the industry. Eco-tourism according to the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP, n.d, beginning section, 1) is a developmental tool that can promote the three basic goals of the Convention on Biodiversity as listed below: share the benefits of ecotourism developments equitably with local communities and indigenous people, by obtaining their informed consent and full participation in planning and management of ecotourism businesses. All the literature reviewed for this paper reveal that other definitions have referred to it as nature based, alternative, green, adventure, and agri tourism. The main aim here is not to confuse ecotourism with sustainable tourism, although both are closely linked. Whereas ecotourism is more concerned with economic benefits for the community while maintaining a sound ecosystem, sustainable tourism is more concerned with saving the environment without economic gain. The one common factor in all these definitions is that there is a consensus that eco-tourism is about travel to destinations that are sustaining their natural resources for economic, social, and most importantly, natural benefits. With this definition at hand, a review of the literature reveals some key points of interest. These points address both negative and positive views about the management and positioning of eco-tourism in the industry and the future viability in the global framework. Positive PEST factors of Eco-Tourism Eco-tourism provides several benefits when managed properly. The first of these benefits is Political. Politically, most governments in one way or another have embraced ecotourism. This was encouraged when the area received its' largest boost with the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) declaration of 2002 as the International Year of Eco-tourism. Governments around the world have seen the importance of this niche market and recognized the necessity to support their tourism industry. Citing examples of various government efforts throughout the world Nash (2005) points to the growing involvement of government agencies in promoting and aiding eco-tourism. In England for example

Imperialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Imperialism - Essay Example A positive outcome is seen in one document entitled "Modern Progressive nations,† this file shows what larger nations gave to smaller colonies. The nations constructed roads, canals, and railways for them. Exposed telegraph and the newspaper to them, established educational facilities for them, shared with them the sanctification of their civilization, and generally made them economized. After this happened, they belonged to modern culture. Another affirmative effect is realized in document three known as "Colonial Governments and Missionaries.† It expresses the way in which the colonial governments presented improved medical precaution and better techniques of sanitation. Then new crops were introduced; tools and farming skills, which boasted the rise of food production. Such changes meant few mortality rates were experienced and also an overall improvement on the state of living was seen in those smaller colonies. They could now live longer and experience better sanitat ion related to former imperialism. The Great War for equality just as how Hitler viewed and referred it as the Great War for fascism, is being battled out in Africa as viciously as anywhere else. This is not only a problem of strategy. The opposing imperialism's need Africa, just for the sake of the continent, a point in which the Democratic propagandists discount with the Olympian sublimity of complete hypocrisy or complete ignorance. Hitler says plainly that he desires his living spaced. But allow that to pass. What we need to do is to state some few facts concerning Africa, its role in imperialist frugality, then its future in a socialist domain. One major issue is the world market in which capitalism has by far created that we shall forcefully find ourselves tackling fundamental problems of the current society and the answer of the permanent calamity not just in Africa but the entire world. Until the year 1914, the British bourgeoisie did not have any slight idea of the revolutionary ferocity which capitalism was harboring in its bosom, especially in the colonies. One obscure Russian radical exile named Lenin inscribed confidently the issues about the inevitable occurrence of the proletariat who were in India and also China, as some of the leaders in theemerging nationalist revolutions. In contrast, neither world publicist nor British politician worried about that. It is practically valuable to re-read what some of these wise people of thirty years ago always